Rats were anesthetized through isoflurane, and then the catheter was placed into the right external jugular vein as our previous study (51). Then, another tip of catheter was passed under the skin of the neck to connect with cannula (Plastics-One) and finally fixed on the skull with dental cement. The catheter was flushed daily with a saline solution containing gentamicin (5 mg/ml) to help maintain catheter patency and reduce infection. Following surgery, rats were single-housed and allowed to recover for 3 to 5 days (3).
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