2.10. In Vivo Tumor Xenograft Study

For the tumorigenesis experiment, NTC, shFTOa, and shFTOb cells (1 × 10⁶) were injected s.c into the flanks of the 6-week-old male athymic nude mice (Jackson laboratories); 10 mice were included in each treatment group. Tumor formation was monitored for 45 days. Tumor volume was determined with caliper measurements and calculated using the formula L1 × L2 × H × 0.5238, where L1 is the long diameter, L2 is the short diameter, and H is the tumor’s height. All animal studies were carried out following the City of Hope IACUC guidelines.