Real-time qPCR was performed using the Sso Advanced™ Universal Probes Supermix (Bio-Rad, 1725281) and the Taqman Gene Expression Assays GAPDH (Hs99999905_m1, VIC-MGB), XIST (Hs01079824_m1, FAM-MGB), and DDX3Y (Hs00190539_m1, FAM-MGB). The reactions were duplexed (GAPDH and gene of interest) and were run on an STEP-ONE real-time PCR system (Applied biosystems, 4376357). We mixed equal quantities of female and male placenta cDNA, which we run along with our samples, to serve as a calibrator, as it expressed both XIST and DDX3Y. The data were analyzed using the ΔΔCt method and the relative expression was calculated as 2−ΔΔCt.
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