Minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MIC)

MICs were determined for each strain using the broth microdilution method described previously¹¹⁶ and adapted to the specific growth conditions of C. acnes. Specifically, C. acnes strains grown on Schaedler agar plates were inoculated into 2 mL of 0.45% saline solution (Air Life, Carefusion, CA, USA) to obtain turbidity of 0.5 ± 0.1 McFarland turbidity standard (approximately 10⁸ CFU/mL). Samples were diluted at 1:100 in BHI, and 100 μL of bacterial suspension, were seeded into a sterile 96-multiwell polystyrene plate containing different antibiotics at variable concentrations (Corning Inc., Corning, NY, USA). Serial two-fold dilutions of the amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, clindamycin, doxycycline, ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, moxifloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, tigecycline, vancomycin were prepared. After the antibiotic treatment, viable cells were determined by plate counting for the CFU/mL determination. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of an antibiotic preventing bacterial growth. Experiments were conducted in triplicate.