Study design and population

This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of students from all schools enrolled at 6 Jordanian universities (Supplementary Figure 1). These Jordanian Universities have around 206,000 students enrolled in various programs and schools (16). Data were collected from healthcare schools (e.g., Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmacy, and Nursing), and non-healthcare schools (e.g., Physics, Mechanical engineering, Law, Business, and Arts).

The study was conducted using an online questionnaire created on Google Forms and delivered to students in the period between 22 May and 23 June 2022. The questionnaire was posted on online groups that the students use for school-specific communications, student communication channels are moderated by student committees who grant access only to students with verified university email addresses. In addition, representatives from each university were contacted to help in distributing the questionnaire.