Preparation of Gallic Acid-Loaded Graphene Oxide (GAGO) Nanocomposite

GAGO was prepared according to the methods by Dorniani et al²⁹ and Shamsi et al¹³ with modifications. Native GA (0.25 g) and GO (0.05 g) were dissolved together in 50 mL of distilled water, and the pH of the solution was adjusted to 4.71 (Mettler Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland) using 1 M of HCL. The mixture was stirred for 16 h (Heidolph, Schwabach, Germany), centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 15 min, washed with distilled water, and filtered using PTFE membrane (50 mm and 0.45 μm pore size; Sigma-Aldrich, Missouri, USA) to remove excess GA. The supernatant containing excess GA was decanted, and the suspension obtained inside the falcon tube was left to dry overnight in an oven at 40°C (Memmert GmbH + Co.KG, Schwabach, Germany).