Rats were ovariectomized or removed adipose tissue around the ovaries before molding. The OVX and sham-operated rats received intradermal immunization into the left hind metatarsal footpad with 0.1 mL heat-killed mycobacteria (10 mg/mL) suspended in Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA, Chondrex Inc., USA). On the 20th day after immunization, the rats were randomly allocated for in vivo experiments (n = 6): the normal group, the model group, the OVX and estradiol (E2)-injected group (E2 was injected at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/kg) (Sigma, USA, once every 3 days, total eight times), OVX and triamcinolone acetonide (TA)-treated group (positive control, 1 mg/kg, Selleck, USA, intra-articular injection, once every 3 days, total eight times), and the sham group.
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