Shoulder Range of Motion and Humeral Torsion

Shoulder external (ER), internal (IR), horizontal adduction (HA) range of motion (ROM) was measured using previously described methods.^34–37 Internal reliability testing demonstrated excellent reliability for shoulder ER (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (2,1) =0.99; Standard error of measure (SEM) = 2.0; ICC (2,K) = 0.99; SEM= 0.95), IR (ICC (2,1)= 0.97; SEM = 2.5; ICC (2,K) = 0.97 SEM= 2.6), and HA (ICC (2,1) = 0.99; SEM =2.59; ICC (2,K) =0.97; SEM = 1.2). Shoulder ER and IR were summed to measure shoulder total ROM (TROM). Humeral torsion (HT) were measured with a 5-MHz transducer (Sonosite Inc., Bothell, WA, USA) with previously described methods.¹⁰ HT testing demonstrated excellent reliability (ICC (2,1) = 0.97; SEM = 2.5; ICC (2,K) = 0.97 SEM= 2.6). Two data collection trials were performed per shoulder and the data collection trials were averaged for analyses.³⁸ For further explanation of the methods, please refer to the Appendix 1.