MID task

VS-vmPFC tbFC during reward anticipation was assessed from two functional scan runs of 70 trials each over ~20 min [56–58]. The anticipatory delay (~4000 ms) occurred after a pseudo-randomly presented cue informed participants whether a given trial allowed them to win or lose money (reward: +$; loss: −$; no incentive: 0$; averaging ~$2) but prior to the target stimulus. Monetary outcome depended on a simple button-press reaction in response to a visual target stimulus. Task-based FC during each anticipation condition was assessed using beta-series correlation [59], a powerful and sensitive method to estimate task-modulated FC [60, 61] that has been used with MID [56, 58]. The beta-series were derived from a design matrix with separate regressors for each trial (see above and Supplement). The beta of interest was reward anticipation during stimulus cue of monetary gain versus neutral.