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Total phenolic content was measured using Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent according to a previously described method with slight modifications [45]. Briefly, the samples were vigorously mixed with Folin–Ciocalteu reagent for 5 min, followed by the addition of 20% (w/v) sodium carbonate. After a 60-min incubation at room temperature, the absorbance was recorded at 700 nm using a microplate reader (BioTek). The total phenolic content was calculated using a gallic acid standard curve and expressed as an equivalent of gallic acid (mg GAE/g of dried extract).

The total flavonoid content was measured using an aluminum colorimetric assay, as described previously [46]. The samples were mixed with 50% (v/v) ethanol and 5% (w/v) NaNO2 and allowed to stand for 6 min at room temperature. An Al(NO3)3 solution (10%, w/v) was then added to the mixture and incubated for 6 min. The reactions were stopped by adding 1N NaOH solution. Absorbance was recorded at 510 nm using a microplate reader (BioTek). The total flavonoid content was calculated using a catechin standard curve and expressed as an equivalent of catechin (mg CE/g of dried extract).

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