RNA isolation, reverse transcription, and qRT-PCR assays were performed as previously described.16,32,42 The primers used for qRT-PCR assays are listed in Table S1.
For mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) quantification, mtDNA was extracted from samples with a Cell Mitochondria Isolation Kit (#C3601, Beyotime). mtDNA was quantified with qRT-PCR with primers using SYBR Green PCR Master Mix. The relative mtDNA copies were calculated from the ratio of mtDNA copies to nuclear DNA copies.
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