2.1. Study area

The study area considered in this study is Adama city, which is located in Oromiya Regional State, Ethiopia. Adama is characterized by very flat and low land surrounded by a lot of mountains (Desta and Befkadu, 2020). As regards to the proposed expansion, most of the areas are characterized by flat and undulated plains as well as mountain natural barriers (Desta and Befkadu, 2020). Adama has been one of the rapidly growing towns in the region of Oromiya as well as in the country since the period of 1964 (Yonas, 2010). According to the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA, 2007), this city has a total population of 220,212, a 72.25% increase over the population recorded in the 1994 census, with 108,872 males and 111,340 females. Average daily production of water from the treatment plant, which is the city's principal water supply source, was 36,000 m³/day, or 416 l/s. The research area network for analysis is depicted in Figure 1. The Thiessen polygons were defined by setting the total junction presence in the networks that supplies water to the community in Bentley water Gems’ tools toolbar.

Map of study networks.