This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) (IRB#090977-1) under the approval number of 2008223-9, and it was carried out in a consecutive NSCLC cohort who received surgical resection or biopsy at the Department of Thoracic Surgery and PD-L1 testing at the Department of Pathology in Fudan Shanghai Cancer Center from September 2017 to April 2021. The following clinicopathological factors were prospectively collected: age, sex, smoking history, sample type, tumor histology, TNM stage, tumor spread thorough air space (STAS), and common gene alterations. The distinguishment of multifocal or metastatic lung cancers was based on the criteria released by IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project [6].
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