Therapy

In this study, three categories of antibiotics usage composed the whole therapy regimen, including antibiotic prophylaxis (AP), antibiotic empirical therapy (AET) and antibiotic definitive therapy (ADT). The three categories were defined as follows: 1) PNM patients who had AP, received antibiotics 0.5 h ahead of their neurosurgical operation; 2) PNM patients who had AET received antibiotics before the AST result; 3) patients who had ADT received antibiotic therapy by AST guidance. Three other categories of antibiotic choice were defined as follows: 1): mono-antibiotic: only one type of antibiotic was used in the treatment; 2) dual antibiotic: two different types of antibiotics combination in the treatment; 3) triple or more antibiotic: three or more types of antibiotics combination in the treatment. In addition, the usage rate of high-grade antibiotics (third- or fourth-generation cephalosporin or carbapenem) was evaluated.