Patients aged ≥18 years who presented with a partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood (PaO2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ratio of <200 at any time during their hospitalization were included in the analysis. The exclusion criteria were as follows: age of <18 years, pregnancy, estimated glomerular filtration rate of <30 mL/min/1.73 m2, and mechanical ventilation before patients' transfer to our hospital.
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