Materials.

Our studies employed a battery of nine vignette pairs with one overinclusion and one underinclusion case in each pair. The coordination game made use of eight vignette pairs (vehicles, sleep, driving, library, classroom, shoes, environment, and music), while the main study employed three pairs (classroom, phone, and driving).

The vignettes first described an incident (e.g., “A 21-year-old woman suffered a traffic accident that took her life. The young woman was driving under the influence.”), followed by a description of the rule or law to which it gave rise, including its underlying purpose (“In order to avoid future accidents, Congress passed a zero-tolerance policy establishing that: ‘If the breathalyzer detects any trace of alcohol, the vehicle will be seized and the driver subject to imprisonment.’”). Then, the vignette described a target act, either in violation of the text of the rule, but not its underlying purpose (in overinclusion cases, e.g., using alcohol-based mouthwash prior to driving), or in violation of the purpose of the rule, but not its text (in underinclusion cases, e.g., using ecstasy prior to driving).