Sample fabrication

Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized via a polyol synthetic method⁵⁰ and purified with vacuum filtration (using 650, 450 and 220 nm pore size Millipore Durapore membranes). 1 mL AgNPs (stored in ethanol) were washed twice with ethanol and re-dispersed in CHCl₃ solution (~0.2 mL). A glass petri dish was filled with DI water, AgNPs (in CHCl₃) were added drop by drop to the air-water interface in petri dish and form a Langmuir film of AgNPs. After making the AgNPs film, we waited about 2 h till equilibrium and then transferred the AgNPs film onto an oxygen-plasma treated coverslip by dipping into the petri dish. Finally, a random array of AgNPs was formed on the coverslip. The average size of the AgNPs was 60 ± 30 nm. The variation in the shapes and sizes will provide richer dynamic speckles for HMES nanoscopy. Polymethylmethacrylate (950PMMA A2, Micro Chem) spin-coated thin film was formed with 2000 rpm for 45 s in order to reduce surface roughness. After that, the rr-OHM film was fabricated³⁶. 98% regioregular P3HT (molecular weight Mw ~87,000, Sigma Aldrich) of 100 mg was dissolved in 1 mL chlorobenzene by heating the solution to 50 °C for 3 h and resting at room temperature for 2 h. Thin films were spin-coated on the AgNPs-PMMA layer at 5000 rpm for 60 s. Optical characterization of the OHM (film thickness: 182 nm) was performed via a rotating polarizer type spectroscopic ellipsometer (J.A. Woollam M-2000D, J. A. Wollam Co. Ltd.)^36,51. The optical transfer function calculation results show that the resolution improvement will be decreased with further increasing the thickness of the OHM film due to the absorption loss (Supplementary Fig. ⁸). Polystyrene beads (refractive index n = 1.6, radius r = 40 nm) were then drop-cast onto the OHM.