The spatial permutation procedure used in the present report generates spatially constrained null distributions by applying random rotations to spherical projections of a cortical surface38. A rotation matrix (R) is applied to the three-dimensional coordinates of the cortex (V) to generate a set of rotated coordinates (Vrot = VR). The permutation is constructed by replacing the original values at each coordinate with those of the closest rotated coordinate. Rotations are generated independently for one hemisphere and then mirrored across the anterior–posterior axis for the other.
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