The NFC optoelectronic devices were used to activate Arch in freely moving mice. Under isoflurane anesthesia, a small incision was made in the abdominal skin and the device was implanted subcutaneously between the skin and muscle, positioned to illuminate the lower abdomen and bladder. The incision was then closed using surgical staples. The animals were allowed to recover for at least 4 days before behavioral experiments were performed.
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