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Reference standard

WT Wen-juan Tong
MC Mei-qing Cheng
ML Man-xia Lin
HH Hang-tong Hu
JP Jia-min Pan
HH Hui Huang
YW Ying Wang
XX Xiao-yan Xie
ML Ming-de Lu
MK Ming Kuang
YH Yang Huang
WW Wei Wang
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The reference standard for TIV was definite enhancing soft tissue in vein, regardless of visualization of a parenchymal mass and visible adjacent primary tumor in liver parenchyma (Fig. 1) [15, 16], then with the surgical pathologic confirmation or three months imaging follow-up remained the diagnosis of TIV. All FLLs were diagnosed by either histopathology (surgery or puncture biopsy pathology, the biopsy procedure were described in Additional file 1: Section S1) or composite imaging reference standard. The composite standard for HCC was FLLs with CECT or MRI scans characterized by the arterial phase hyperenhancement (APHE) and washout appearance in the portal venous phase or delayed phase in a size greater than 1 cm in diameter [20]. Other malignant lesions were diagnosed by histopathology only.

The way of intrahepatic vein invasion. CEUS: Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound, TIV: Tumor in vein

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