Thirty caries-free human premolars and canines were collected. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board of Chang Gung Medical Foundation (IRB: 202100369B0). The sample size was determined based on similar previous studies.8, 9, 10 The inclusion criteria were root lengths longer than 15 mm and the absence of root caries and internal or external root resorption. The exclusion criteria were previous endodontic treatment and excessive root curvature determined according to a previously reported measurement method.11
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