2.6. Survival Analysis

Uni- and multivariate-cox regression methods were implemented for investigating the relationships of variables with OS. Hazard ratio, 95% confidence interval together with p-value were visualized through ggforest function. The OS, disease-free survival (DFS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and progression-free survival (PFS) between groups were estimated through Kaplan–Meier (K-M) curves. Significant differences were computed with log-rank test utilizing survival and survminer packages. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs) were drawn to present the prediction efficacy with survivalROC package. LUAD patients were stratified by clinicopathological parameters, and survival analysis was conducted between low- and high-risk subsets in each subgroup.