The expression levels of cell surface proteins were determined by flow cytometry. Adherent cells were harvested by trypsin/EDTA (0.05%/0.02%), centrifuged, washed and resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). In order to evaluate the expression of intercellular adhesion in MSCs, aliquots of 1.0 × 106 cells were incubated with phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated antibodies, CD49d (12–0499-73, eBioscience), CD106 (561679, BD Pharmingen) or PE antihuman CD324 (E-Cadherin; 324105, BioLegend) and corresponding isotype controls for 30 min before washing with PBS. Antibodies for MSC characterization were all purchased from BioLegend, which were fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated monoclonal antibodies against CD45 (304005), CD34 (343503) and HLA-DR (307603) and allophycocyanin (APC)-conjugated antibodies against CD73 (344005), CD105 (endoglin; 323207) and CD90 (328113). All samples were analyzed by an EPICS XL flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter GmbH, Krefeld, Germany).
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