We conducted a cross-sectional study using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database in 1999-2002 period. The data included overall home interviews and laboratory assessments conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval and documented consent was obtained from participants. The exclusion criteria were dysphagia; history of gastrointestinal tract disease; inflammatory bowel disease; history of cancer; participation in resistance training; participation regularly using steroids, diuretics, hormones, and growth factors; and subjects without complete clinical data, laboratory results, or medical history. (Fig. ).
Flow chart representing the steps of analysis performed in the study
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