Cu@pC was produced utilizing a four-step process. First step is to generate a copper containing foam from a solution of sucrose, copper nitrate, and nitric acid dissolved in DI water by heating on a hot plate set to 475°C. In preparation for transfer from beaker to crucible, the foam is desiccated in a vacuum oven at 150°C to embrittle the foam. After this second step, the foam is transferred from the beaker to an alumina crucible for the next step where it is calcined in a vacuum oven set to temperature in the range of 500–1000°C to produce a carbon matrix that contains our desired copper/copper oxide particles. The final step is to transfer the carbon matrix to a ball mill to mill the foam into a fine powder which is mostly made up of the copper/copper oxide particles coated in carbon.
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