The SKOV3 and ES-23 cells were transfected with the indicated plasmids. The medium in the lower chamber contained 10% FBS, and the cells (5 × 105) suspended in Matrigel were added to the upper chambers at the same time. The cells were incubated at 37 °C for 72 h. Cells that passed through the membrane were stained with methanol and 0.1% crystal violet and photographed. Cell invasion was quantified using direct microscopic visualization and counting.
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