Inverse fluorescence microscopy (Olympus, Japan) was used to take pictures of the stained cells after they had been incubated with 2 M dihydroethidium (DHE) (Cat# D23806, Thermo-Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) for 10 min. To measure retinal ROS levels, 3-nitrotyrosine protein levels were determined in mice retinal lysates using an Oxiselect Nitrotyrosine kit (Cat#STA-305, Cell Biolabs, San Diego, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
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