Statistics.

All quantitative analyses were conducted, and all data were plotted, using GraphPad Prism 9 software. Experiments were repeated at least 3 times, to ensure reproducibility. All experiments were designed and performed with both positive and negative controls (indicated in the figures), which were used for inclusion/exclusion determination. For immunofluorescence microscopy experiments, images of random fields were captured. For all experiments with quantitative analysis, data are displayed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM), as indicated in the figure legends. All cell-binding and TEER quantitative data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA analysis with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test. For the localized dermal leak experiments, a nonparametric, unpaired Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine statistical significance between groups. The resulting P values from the above statistical tests were displayed as n.s., not significant; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.005; ****, P < 0.001.