Continuous variables were represented by the median with interquartile range (IQR) and compared using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Categorical variables are expressed as percentages, compared with chi-square tests. A two-sided P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data imputation and significance tests were conducted using R software (version 3.6.3). Data preprocessing, model development, and further evaluation and validation were conducted using Python (version 3.8.5).
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