A test-negative case–control design was used to estimate vaccine effectiveness in those aged 18 years and over against hospitalisation following a PCR test for SARS-CoV-2, as described previously22–25. Cases were those testing positive and controls those testing negative by PCR. Effectiveness was assessed using a variety of hospitalisation endpoints designed to differentiate between hospitalisations likely to be because of COVID-19 and those that may be hospitalisation with COVID-19 but potentially due to another cause. Effectiveness against Omicron and Delta was assessed using periods in which these variants were circulating and using the information on sequencing, genotyping and PCR s-gene target.
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