2.2. Image acquisition

Images were collected using a 3T Siemens Skyra magnetic resonance scanner with a 32-channel head coil (Van Essen et al., 2013). Resting-state images were collected while participants fixated (eyes open) on a bright cross-hair projected on a dark background (and presented in a darkened room). A gradient-echo echo planar imaging (GE-EPI) sequence was applied with the following parameters: repetition time (TR) = 720 ms, echo time (TE) = 33.1 ms, flip angle (FA) = 52°, bandwidth = 2290 Hz/pixel, field of view (FOV) = 208 × 180 mm² , matrix = 104 × 90, voxel size = 2 × 2 × 2 mm³ , multi-band (MB) factor = 8, slices = 72, and total scan time of 1200 frames = 14.6 min (Smith et al., 2013). Two sessions (i.e. REST1 and REST2) were collected on two consecutive days, each including two runs with both phase encoding directions (i.e. left-to-right and right-to-left). All four runs were used in the present study. High-resolution T1-weighted images were also acquired for all participants using a magnetized rapid gradient-echo imaging (MPRAGE) sequence with TR = 2400 ms, TE = 2.14 ms, reversal time (TI) = 1000 ms, FA = 8°, FOV = 224 × 224 mm², voxel size = 0.7 mm isotropic, and total scan time = 7.7 min.

Images were collected using a 3T Philips Achieva with a dedicated neonatal imaging system, including a neonatal 32-channel phased array head coil (Hughes et al., 2017). All neonates were scanned during natural sleep without sedation. A multiband EPI sequence was utilized with TR = 392 ms, TE = 38ms, FA = 34°, voxel size = 2.15 × 2.15 × 2.15 mm³, MB factor = 9, and total scan time = 2300 volume (15.05 min). T2-weighted (TR = 12 s; TE = 156 ms; sensitivity encoding (SENSE) factor: axial = 2.11, sagittal = 2.58) and inversion recovery T1-weighted (TR = 4795 ms; TI = 1740 ms; TE = 8.7 ms; SENSE factor: axial = 2.26, sagittal = 2.66) multi-slice fast spin-echo images were also collected for all neonates (in-plane resolution = 0.8 × 0.8 mm², 1.6 mm slices overlapped by 0.8 mm, see details in Fitzgibbon et al. (2020).

The Newcastle data were collected on a Vertical Bruker 4.7T primate dedicated scanner with a single channel or a 4–8 channel parallel imaging coil. All monkeys included in the current study were awake during resting-state imaging acquisition. Two resting-state sessions were collected for each monkey with 1.2 × 1.2 × 1.2 mm³ resolution, TR = 2600 ms, TE = 17 ms, 10.8 min (250 volumes) per scan. T1-weighted images were also acquired using a modified driven equilibrium Fourier transform (MDEFT) sequence with the following parameters: TR = 750 ms, TE = 6ms, inversion delay = 700 ms, FOV = 12.8 × 9.6 cm² on a grid of 256 × 192 voxels, voxel size = 0.5 × 0.5 × 2 mm, number of slices = 22. Additionally, no contrast agent was used during scanning.

The Oxford data were collected on a 3T scanner with a 4-channel coil when macaques were under anesthesia. Again, no contrast agent was used. The acquisition parameters for the resting-state images were 2 × 2 × 2 mm³ resolution, TR = 2s, TE =19 ms, FA = 90°, and total scan time = 53.3 min (1600 volumes). T1-weighted images for all monkeys were also acquired using a MPRAGE sequence with the following parameters: TR = 2500 ms, TE = 4.01ms, TI = 1100 ms, FA = 8°, voxel size = 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 mm.