The EPSt structural–functional groups were detected using attenuated total reflectance/FT–infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR). IR spectra were obtained using a BX–FTIR spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) coupled with an ATR accessory, MIRacleTM –ATR (Pike Technologies, Cottonwood, AZ, USA) and spectra were obtained from 32 scans at 4 cm–1 of resolution from 400 to 4000 cm–1.
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