2.1. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

We included published modeling studies that assessed the cost-effectiveness of intranasal LAIV in the pediatric population (aged 18 years or below) without specific health conditions or coexisting diseases. Studies that adopted full-scale decision analytical models to evaluate the economic outcomes of the pediatric vaccination program were also included. Studies with the comparators including the current vaccination strategy, no vaccination, or vaccination with other vaccine types were either eligible. Only full-text original articles published in English were retrieved and evaluated for inclusion in this systematic review.

The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) health effects were not reported in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) or life years (LYs); (2) incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was absent; and (3) publications were editorials, letters, commentaries or conference abstracts.