The thermal properties of starch were detected by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, Q2000, TA Instruments, Waters, United States). Starch (3 mg) and deionized water (9 μl) were mixed evenly in a sealed aluminum container and incubated overnight to achieve hydration. Moreover, a blank aluminum container was used as a blank control. The scanning range was 30–120°C, and the scanning speed was 10°C/min. The onset gelatinization temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp), conclusion temperature (Tc), and gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH) were determined (Song et al., 2019).
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