4.6. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of collagen and CA films was performed using a differential scanning colorimeter (DSC 823e, Mettler Toledo, Nänikon, Switzerland) with slight modification from the method of Rochdi, Foucat, and Renou [59]. Indium standard was run to calibrate the temperature. Approximately 8 mg of the freeze-dried CA films were weighed into an aluminum pan and sealed. The collagen was scanned over the range of 20–50 °C, at scanning rate of 1 °C min⁻¹. Whilst the CA films were scanned at 5 °C min⁻¹ over the range of 25–180 °C [60]. An empty aluminum pan was used as a reference. The denaturation temperature (T_d) of the collagen and CA films was determined from the first peak of the thermogram.