Twenty-nine clinicians, 16 HIV and 13 substance use, were recruited in the New England area via email in 2015 [21]. Inclusion criteria for participants included: (a) minimum of 18 years-old; (b) currently employed at an HIV or substance use disorder treatment clinic for a minimum of 6 months; (c) minimum of 1 year experience working with people living with HIV (PLWH) or patients at-risk for HIV who also have a co-morbid substance use disorder; and (d) held one of the following position titles: counselor, case manager, medical liaison, medical resident, nurse practitioner, nurse, outreach worker, physician, or social worker. Exclusion criteria included being unable to speak English or provide written consent. All staff who contacted the research team and met the inclusion criteria agreed to participate in the interviews.
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