2.3. Data collection

The survey was posted on Wenjuanxing (https://www.wjx.cn/), China’s biggest online questionnaire design, distribution, and data collection platform. Research assistants who underwent unified and standard research training were assigned to each hospital. They first contacted the nursing directors, explained the study objectives, and assisted in advertising the survey. After obtaining approval from the nursing directors, a survey link or QR code containing the questionnaire was sent to the head nurses, who then forwarded it to the department nurse WeChat group. It took an average of 15 min to complete the questionnaire, and each IP address was limited to one response to avoid repeated submission.