Preparation of LPS, MAC28, L6H21, and 2i-10

Twenty μg/mL of LPS, and 10 μM of MAC28, L6H21, and 2i-10 were used in the experiments, concentrations based on previous studies.^1,10, 11, 12, 13 LPS from Escherichia coli (0111: B4; #0000110081) were bought from Sigma–Aldrich. MAC28, L6H21, and 2i-10 were supplied by Wenzhou Medical University in Zhejiang, China. The 1 M concentration of MAC28 (mw = 469.53), L6H21 (mw = 298.34), and 2i-10 (mw = 526.23) were firstly prepared by liquefying 4.695 mg of MAC28, 2.983 mg of L6H21, and 5.262 mg of 2i-10 in 10 mL of 100% DMSO. The solutions were subsequently mixed with α-MEM to a dilution of 10 μM for cell treatment. The final concentration of soluble DMSO in α-MEM containing MAC28, L6H21, and 2i-10 groups was 0.0001%. Therefore, we used 0.0001% DMSO for vehicle controls.