2.5.8. Covariates

GDM information and oGTT results (T2 and T3): Information for participants with GDM regarding GDM management, i.e., whether their glucose was controlled through diet, insulin and/or metformin and post-partum oGTT glucose values at 6–12 weeks, are collected from electronic medical records or from the participants themselves.

Maternal anthropometry (at all time points): Maternal weight is measured to the nearest 0.01 kg and height to the nearest 0.1 cm or self-reported via REDCap [50,56]. Maternal BMI is determined by the formula kg/m² and BMI categories are determined according to ethnicity [87,88,89]. Additionally, maternal pre-pregnancy weight is retrieved from electronic medical records. Maternal gestational weight gain up to study inclusion, as well as whether women follow the Institute of Medicine recommendations for gestational weight gain, will be determined based on standard criteria [90].

Socio-demographic information (T1): Participants are asked via the online questionnaires about their education, job, family history of diabetes, partner status and whether they feel that they have emotional and instrumental social support. Information on gravida, parity and domestic violence is also retrieved from the participant’s medical record.

Obstetric and neonatal outcomes (T2): Information is collected from the participants on the date of birth, birth order and mode of delivery of the infants and birth weight of previous infants—if there are any.

Food Insecurity (T3): Two items are assessed at the end of the study to evaluate food insecurity over the whole study period [64].