UV-vis spectra were obtained from dye solutions with concentrations of 1~10 μM in DMSO or PBS on a Varian Cary 500 Scan UV-Vis near-IR spectrophotometer (Agilent). Fluorescence emission spectra were recorded on an RF-6000 spectrofluorometer (Shimadzu) with dye concentrations of 1~10 μM in DMSO or PBS. FTIR spectroscopy was performed with a VERTEX 80v FTIR spectrometer (Bruker). FTIR were measured from either 10 mM DMSO solution or KBr.
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