Candidates for predictive stricture after ESD

We reviewed the medical records, endoscopic findings, and histopathologic reports of all the patients enrolled in this study to collect demographic information, lesion characteristics, and procedure-related details. The medical records included age, sex, smoking, drinking, comorbidities, and family history. Lesion characteristics were identified including lesion number, location, circumference, longitudinal resection length, histopathology, depth of infiltration, R0 resection, thickness of specimen, blood vessels, IPCL classification and vessel carcinoma embolus. We also focused on the procedure-related details, including procedure time, clips number, muscular injury, lift sign, pink color sign, Tatami sign, and the usage of knives. R0 resection was defined as complete dissection of lesion with no residual lesion at both longitudinal and transversal resection margin. All patients had a follow-up endoscopy examination within six months after undergoing ESD. Esophageal stricture was recognized as narrowing of the esophageal lumen to the extent that an ordinary endoscope (diameter 9.8 mm) could not pass, accompanying patients’ difficulty in consuming solid food.