Sleep quality has previously been reported in POD patients according to studies that used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.26 Patients were asked to complete the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaires unassisted on the day of admission. The PSQI comprises 7 parts and 18 items in total, which assesses the sleep quality of the subject experienced over the preceding month. A score of 5 was set as an empirically determined cut-off to differentiate individuals with good or poor sleep quality.27 Patients were divided into two groups based on the score of PSQI. The sleep disturbances group was defined as a score of >5, and the non-sleep disturbances group was defined as a score of ≤5.
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