Preparation of micoemulsion (CMN-ME) and nanoemulsion (CMN-NE)

Six formulations of CMN-ME were prepared by stirring CMN (10, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg), GMO (32% w/v), and Cre-EL (8% w/v) for 30 min, followed by the dropwise addition of water to prepare an emulsion that served as a standard. The CMN-NE was produced by mixing oil, CMN, surfactant, and co-surfactant on a magnetic stirrer (REMI2) for 1.5 h at 600 rpm¹². Cre-EL, PEG 5000, and GMO were used in a ratio of 8:1:1. CMN was applied in different amounts (10, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg) towards 10 g of the oil phase (triethanolamine). To complete the emulsification process, additional sonication for 30 min was performed using a sonicator (Sonics & Materials VCX 750, Inc., Newtown, USA) with a pulse rate of 6/2 s and an amplitude of 35%. Nanoemulsion was prepared at a 5:1 ratio, and double-distilled water was added to the oil phase while gently stirring¹³.