2.1. Human Blood Plasma Samples

The UNIST Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved this study (UNISTIRB-19–41-C). Normal blood plasma was obtained from RedCross and a commercial source (Innovative Research, Novi, MI, USA). Additionally, samples from patients with lung cancer were collected per the amended Declaration of Helsinki, following approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital (IRB approval number: CNUHH-2022–021). Samples from healthy donors and cancer patients (Table S1) were collected following the IRB guidelines and stored at −80 °C until use. For EV isolation, samples were thawed and stored at 25 °C.