Validated in Arabic [54], this scale is composed of eight items (i.e. “I was worried about the situations in which I might panic and make a fool of myself” that measure depression (3 items), anxiety (3 items) and stress (2 items). Questions are rated on a 4-point Likert scale (“0 = does not apply to me to “3 = always applies to me”). Higher scores reflect more psychological distress (ω = .89 in this study).
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