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Dependent variable

QY Qiang Yao
XZ Xiaodan Zhang
YW Yibo Wu
CL Chaojie Liu
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The outcome indicator, HRQoL, was assessed using the EQ-5D-5L developed by the European Society for Quality of Life (EuroQol), which is the most widely used instrument for assessing HRQoL of general populations across the world.33 Its Chinese version has been validated,28 including a population value set for estimating utility index (UI).29 The EQ-5D-5L has stronger discriminatory power and better convergent validity compared with its predecessor EQ-5D-3L, with a lower ceiling effect: 60.50% had an UI score of 1.000 for the EQ-5D-5L compared with 72.08% for the EQ-5D-3L.34 35

The UI, which is a major feature of the EQ-5D instrument,12 reflects a combination of health functioning in the five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. It was derived from population preferences for different health states.36 This study adopted the Chinese value set for the EQ-5D-5L, which has a range from −0.391 to 1.000, with 1.000 indicating the best possible health and a negative score indicating a state worse than death.29

Copyright and License information:  ©2023 Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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