Ten- to twelve- week-old male mice were anaesthetized using 2.5–3% isoflurane by inhalation. The left common carotid artery was tied firmly with one knot using 6–0 silk suture just below the bifurcation point. In sham (unligated) animals, the suture was passed under the exposed left carotid artery but not tightened. For adeno-associated virus (AAV) treatment, 5 × 1010 pfu/ml adeno-associated virus (AAV-CON, AAV-shRGS5 or AAV-RGS5) was suspended in 100 μL F-127 pluronic gel (Sigma-Aldrich; 25% wt/vol) and applied around the carotid artery, respectively. Carotid arteries were harvested at indicated time points after ligation. All procedures were performed by a single operator to attain a constant degree of vessel wall injury for each of the animals. This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Hebei Medical University.
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