2.8. Water-Holding Capacity (WHC) and Oil-Holding Capacity (OHC)

The method of Zielińska et al. [27] with slight modification was used to measure the WHC and OHC of the samples. The WHC was measured by dissolving 0.5 g of protein sample into 20 mL of distilled water. The sample was shaken for 45 min at 250 rpm using a shaking incubator (NB-205, N-Biotek, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea), then centrifuged (8000× g) for 15 min, and the WHC was calculated as the percentage weight of precipitate that remained after centrifugation. The OHC was measured by dispersing 0.5 g of protein sample into 10 mL of palm oil (Leela Palm Oil, Chumphon, Thailand), followed by vortexing (30 s) and centrifugation (8000× g, 15 min). The remaining precipitate was weighed to calculate the OHC of the sample.