Grading the certainty of evidence

TT Ting-Wan Tan
HT Han-Ling Tan
MH Min-Fang Hsu
HH Hsiao-Ling Huang
YC Yu-Chu Chung
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The certainty of evidence regarding outcomes was assessed according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) handbook [23]. The GRADE approach was employed to evaluate evidence certainty based on five criteria: risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision, and publication bias. Certainty ratings were categorized into four levels of the system: high, moderate, low, or very low [23].

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