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Covariates

GT Grace A. Thiele
DR Deirdre M. Ryan
TO Tim F. Oberlander
GH Gillian E. Hanley
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Sociodemographic covariates included birth parent and coparent age, presence of a coparent, neighborhood-based income quintile, marital status, and number of living children. Pregnancy characteristics included birth parent smoking status during pregnancy, history of PTB, parity, pre-existing diabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), pregnancy-induced and non-pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH and non-PIH), and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Prenatal care and delivery characteristics included year of birth, number of prenatal visits, antenatal hospitalization, use of induction, mode of delivery (vaginal vs. non-vaginal), and presence of a midwife. Finally, neonatal characteristics included: infant sex, GA, birth weight, and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

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